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3. Layers

"Layers" separate the DPQM into logical tiers according to functional purpose. ODS-RAM consists of four layers: (1) Data, (2) Transaction, (3) Identity, and (3) Semantics.

In ODS-RAM, each layer is independent of the others and fulfills its distributed data management functions in a loosely coupled manner. That is, ODS-RAM layers possess "detachability", allowing those who adopt ODS-RAM to selectively determine the number of layers required according to the nature and characteristics of each domain. For example, if the data addressability and semantics within a given cross-cutting domain are already clear, one may begin by implementing Data Product first using L3 through L1, omitting the implementation of Ontology Product — i.e., the set comprising L4 through L2.

ODS-RAM places a strong emphasis on flexibility tailored to each domain and use case, and by ensuring "backward compatibility", it allows for subsequent opt-in as needed, thereby providing options commensurate with the level of maturity. The following sections describe in detail the functions of each of the four layers.

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3.1 Data Layer (L1)

The Data Layer (hereinafter "L1") is the layer that addresses the problems of Usage Control, Data Tampering, and Data Quality, and selectively adopts Closed World Assumption (CWA) behavior.

L1 requires functions for data usage control exercised by the data provider and for handling data with guaranteed integrity and quality:

  • Regarding usage control exercised by data providers: opportunities for self-determination must be provided within the scope defined in data sharing agreements, and the exercise of such control must be appropriately reflected.

  • Regarding data integrity and quality: the integrity and quality characteristics of each piece of data vary across target domains, and rather than establishing uniform standards, it is assumed that integrity and quality appropriate to the characteristics of the data will be guaranteed. Accordingly, the integrity and quality of data itself are not stipulated; only the methods and results of their evaluation and calculation must be provided in a form accessible to data consumers.

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3.2 Transaction Layer (L2)

The Transaction Layer (hereinafter "L2") is the layer that addresses the problems of Modal, Query, and Protocol.

L2 must be capable of controlling the transaction process between data providers and data users in a manner that is agnostic to data modal (structured, semi-structured, unstructured, etc.) as well as to request and protocol type (synchronous, asynchronous, etc.).

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3.3 Identity Layer (L3)

The Identity Layer (hereinafter "L3") is the layer that addresses the problems of Authentication and Authorization.

L3 requires the necessary level of authentication and authorization through providing Credentials in a verifiable form:

  • Verification of the existence of data providers and users and authentication must ensure the required level of trustworthiness.

  • Access control based on the storage, usage conditions, and granularity self-determined by the data provider must ensure the required level of confidentiality.

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3.4 Semantics Layer (L4)

The Semantics Layer (hereinafter "L4") is the layer that addresses the problems of Addressability and Semantics, and adopts Open World Assumption (OWA) behavior.

L4 requires semantic and ontological interoperability through providing Metadata in an accessible form:

  • Metadata related to destinations must be provided in order to access data or services.

  • Metadata related to meaning must be defined in a unique and accessible format with respect to the meaning of the information (input/output data) necessary to use the data or services.

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