> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://open-dataspaces.gitbook.io/ods-docs/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://open-dataspaces.gitbook.io/ods-docs/ods-ram/05-protocols.md).
# 5. Protocols
## 5.1 Types of Protocols
**Open Data Spaces Protocols (ODP)** \*2 are a set of technical agreements that provide the functionality to realize distributed data management and ensure interoperability. ODP consists of **"Fundamental"** and **"Complementary"** protocol groups. (Table 2)
**Table 2: Protocol Types in ODS-RAM**
| Type | Definition | Adoption |
| ----------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------- |
| **Fundamental** | Specifications for providing the core functions required to realize Open Dataspaces; protocols that must be adopted to realize the functions of the corresponding layer or perspective | Mandatory |
| **Complementary** | Specifications for providing supplementary functions required to realize Open Dataspaces; protocols that may be adopted as needed to realize the functions of the corresponding layer or perspective | Optional |
## 5.2 List of Protocols
The following is a list of the protocols that constitute ODP. (Table 3)
**Table 3: List of Protocols**
| Protocol | Type | Role |
| ------------------------------------------- | ---- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Common Functionalities | F | Provides common functions including: "Versioning (managing changes to specifications, configurations, and components to maintain interoperability among participants under the same premises)," "Logging (enables comprehensive recording and analysis of system communication status, processing results of each service, and overall monitoring and operational status, based on three categories: communication logs, service logs, and processing logs)," "Monitoring (continuously monitoring and managing system health and performance by tracking the execution environment and service operational status from system logs)," and "Notifier (information notification for sharing updates and acknowledgment status related to data transactions between data providers and users)." |
| Usage Control | F | Interface functionality that establishes a state in which data providers can self-determine the scope of provision, storage/usage conditions, and responsibility boundaries (does not include the Usage Control function itself). |
| Data Trust Assessment | F | Interface that enables the assessment and calculation of data integrity and non-tamperability (does not include the assessment and calculation of integrity and non-tamperability themselves). |
| Data Trustworthiness and Quality Assessment | F | Interface that enables the assessment and calculation of data quality and trustworthiness (does not include the assessment and calculation of quality and trustworthiness themselves). |
| Transaction | F | Handles endpoint, process control and data transfer, establishing transactions as the junction point for each layer. |
| Identity and Trust | F | Identifies participating entities and provides the trust foundation under which data exchange takes place only between legitimate entities and only with authorized access to legitimate resources. |
| Metadata Exchange | F | Coordinates metadata related to the location and meaning of data, enabling data discoverability and semantic judgment in distributed environments. |
| Discovery and Search | F | Enhances discovery and search capabilities based on metadata. |
| Heuristic Contracting | C | Interface that supports the definition of usage and contractual terms and the formation of agreements through third-party electronic contracting applications (does not include the contract itself). |
| Clearing and Payment | C | Interface that records, reconciles, and settles data transaction records and handles billing and payment through third-party electronic payment applications (does not include the clearing, billing, or payment functions themselves). |
※ F = Fundamental (Mandatory), C = Complementary (Optional)
> **Details**: For detailed specifications of each protocol, please refer to **ODP**.
***
**Footnotes**
\*2 Open Data Spaces Protocols.
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